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在托福阅读中,如何巧用定位词做对事实信息题?

在托福阅读十大题型中,事实信息题,即我们常说的细节题,在整个阅读当中的比重占到了近四分之一,是题量非常大的一种题型,对于这种题型解题方法的掌握尤其重要。

这种题型我们一般分三个步骤来解题,一是审题,确定定位词,二是找定位句,精读,三是读选项,确定答案。定位作为解题的第一步,需要引起考生足够的重视。

什么叫定位?

定位词就是用来定位的词汇。定位词的称呼有很多,如关键词,主旨词,功能词,中心词等等。这些只是个名称罢了,含义都是一致的:一个可以根据题干回原文定位,并能够找到出处的词,这个题干中的词就是定位词 。

定位的意义在于有效抓住关键信息,节约做题时间,当你真正进入国外的大学时,面对每一门课堆积如山的“reading list”和论文大量的reference, 培养浏览式的泛读,培养好的阅读习惯非常重要。学会抓关键词,抓重点的阅读能力,无论为考试还是为国外生存,重中之重就是定位词的把握。

定位词的特征

定位词总体特征:特殊性和细节性

特殊性:定位词是用来定位的,所以必须找那些回原文依然不变的词汇,才有意义。一般不用动词和副词来定位。通常是名词或充当定语的形容词。

细节性:不要找大概念的词汇,更不要拿代表全文主旨的词汇来定位。换句话说不要找那些原文一大堆的词汇,无法定位。

哪些词在阅读当中充当定位词?

以下是定位词的分类:

1.特殊词汇

在阅读中有一些词的比较特殊,这种词很容易被记住,也很容易回原文定位。

如,Sequoia 美洲杉、 sodium 钠,Simultaneous 同时的等特殊词。

2.数字:

通常指时间,金钱和百分比。像1970、 8976$, 89%这些词因为长相原因,十分显眼,也就很好回原文找到它们。

3.专有名词:

斜体字,大写人名,地名,大写的专有名词,这一点大家都很熟悉,不用多说。

4.特殊符号:

在特殊符号里或者旁边的词,最好通过符号回原文进行定位,如“paper conversation”,(three cubic miles) 这些词本身并没有什么特别,但放在符号里面,就可以根据符号回原文进行寻找。

下面我们通过一道托福阅读考试原题来看一下如何利用定位词解题

Livestock also came from outside Africa. Cattle were introduced from Asia, as probably were domestic sheep and goats. Horses were apparently introduced by the Hyksos invaders of Egypt (1780-1560 B.C.) and then spread across the Sudan to West Africa. Rock paintings in the Sahara indicate that horses and chariots were used to traverse the desert and that by 300-200 B.C., there were trade routes across the Sahara. Horses were adopted by peoples of the West African savannah, and later their powerful cavalry forces allowed them to carve out large empires. Finally, the camel was introduced around the first century A.D. This was an important innovation, because the camel’s abilities to thrive in harsh desert conditions and to carry large loads cheaply made it an effective and efficient means of transportation. The camel transformed the desert from a barrier into a still difficult, but more accessible, route of trade and communication.

According to the paragraph, which of the following were subjects of rock paintings in the Sahara?

A. Horses and chariots

B. Sheep and goats

C. Hyksos invaders from Egypt

D. Camels and cattle

首先,审题,题目问以下哪一个选项是 subjects of rock paintings in the Sahara,定位词确定为 rock paintings,根据定位词回到原文找答案。 

然后,在原文中看到这么一句话“Rock paintings in the Sahara indicate that horses and chariots were used to traverse the desert and that by 300-200 B.C., there were trade routes across the Sahara.”确定答题句,精读,该句刚好回答了题目里的问题。 

最后,读选项,A 符合原文描述,故为正确答案。

总之,在托福考试的阅读中,找定位词是一种有效的应试策略,更是学术文章的阅读的重要方法。